Amongst the most completely explored materials, this kind of material has developed to wind up a standout nowadays, animated by the interest for asset effective get together of generators, transformers, specialized gadgets and so on. Polymer matrix based nanocomposites have become a prominent area of current research and development in the large field of nanotechnology. The polymer literature has been dominated by exfoliated clay-based nanocomposites have but there are a large number of other significant areas of current and emerging interest. Relative to crystallization and glass transition behavior the important question of the “nano-effect” of nanoparticle or fiber inclusion relative to their larger scale counterparts is addressed.

The first nanomedicines approved for use were developed from research dating back to the 1970s.Nanopharmaceuticals such as liposomes, quantum dots, dendrimers, carbon nanotubes and polymeric nanoparticles have brought considerable changes in drug delivery and the medical system. Improved therapeutic activity and reduced toxicity in the nonclinical model systems has been showed these liposomal formulations of existing drugs showed. There is a great benefit for the patients in comparison with the conventional drugs in Nanopharmaceuticals. This fact, combined with the technical challenges in commercial-scale production of nanoparticles, led to only limited investment in nanomedicines by the major pharmaceutical companies enhanced oral bioavailability, improved dose proportionality, enhanced solubility and dissolution rate, suitability for administration and reduced food effects are several advantages of these drugs.

The nanomaterial is the basic part of the nanoscience and nanotechnology. The complex functions of nanomaterials in systems require further improvement in the preparation and modification of nanomaterials. Such advanced nanomaterials have attracted a massive interest during recent years and will form the basis for further development in this area. The control of composition, size, shape, and morphology of Nanomaterials and Nanoparticles is a necessary foundation for the development and application of Nanoscale devices in all over the world. These are the critical enablers that allow mankind to exploit the ultimate technological capabilities of magnetic, electronic, mechanical and biological systems. Magnetic Nanodevices, Nano-biosensors, Nanoswitches, Optical Biosensors. Nanodevices will ultimately have an enormous impact on our ability to enhance energy conversion, produce food, control pollution, and improve human health and longevity.

Nanotechnology and nanomaterials are allowing maintainable results for renewable energy and environmental challenges. Several products have been marketabley established and additional are approaching onto the market. To create more competent and cost-effective energy and to progress the environment, as causing small amount of pollution during the production of materials, manufacturing solar cells that produce electricity at a reasonable cost, cleaning up organic composites contaminating groundwater, clearing volatile organic compounds(VOCs) from air and so forth nanotechnology is exultantly used in various applications.

The with new nano-products that are more environmental friendly throughout their lifecycle and to minimize human health risks and potential environmental associated with the manufacture development of clean technologies is defined as Green nanotechnology, "to encourage replacement of existing products and use of nanotechnology products. Green Nanotechnology carries two goals: producing nanomaterials and products without harming the environment or human health and producing nano-products that provide solutions to environmental problems. To make nano-products and nanomaterials without toxic ingredients, at low temperatures using less energy and renewable inputs wherever possible and using lifecycle thinking in all design and engineering stages. Existing principles of green chemistry and green engineering are used. In addition to using nanotechnology to make current manufacturing processes for non-nano materials and products more environmental friendly green nanotechnology also means making nanomaterials and products with less impact to the environment. 

Nanoparticles have a huge potential of delivering drug effectively. Nanosystems with different compositions have been considerably investigated for drug delivery and gene therapy purposes. The interactions of nanomaterials with the biological environment, drug release, multiple drug administration, stability of therapeutic agents and Several anti-cancer drugs including paclitaxel, doxorubicin is much needed. Nanomaterials comprising of peptide-based nanotubes are used to target the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and cell adhesion molecules like integrins, cadherins and selectins, which is a new approach to control disease progression.

There is a potential toxic effect of ultrafine particles of Nanoscale dimensions, both at the organ level including cellular regeneration and DNA repair and cellular lever. Mainly the focused area is ultrafine particles related to Carbon, or silica or metals such as titania, silver, and copper. This is mainly due to their catalytic properties in their chemical ability to facilitate chemical transformation of epitopes. In wound healing Silver nanoparticles have been utilized as antimicrobial agents and are known to cause side effects. Recent advances in engineered surfaces like zeolites or metal–organic frameworks are potentially cytotoxic, due to their ultrahigh surface area and potential for reactive oxygen species generation or modification of lipids, membranes, and amino acids.

A technology that is used to design complex structures through mechanosynthesis process, in order to obtain the correct atomic specifications is known as Molecular Nanotechnology. In this technology, using Nanomachines complex products are built. It is based on molecular manufacturing so this process is not at all similar to nanomaterials as. Complex molecular machine systems will assist the mechanosynthesis process used for this technology. To create hundreds of nanorobots which work together in coordination is the main motto behind molecular nanotechnology. In an artificial environment these nanorobots should also be able to design and produce more nanorobots with the help of sophisticated building blocks. A number of patients can be taken care of simultaneously and that too for hours, when a number of nanorobots are designed to work in the medical field.

Quantum Dots and Magnetic Nanoparticles have lots of applications in analytical methods. Quantum Dots are semiconductor nanoparticles whose electronic energy levels are considerably controlled by the particle dimensions. This control comes about due to quantum confinement. QDs are useful as an analytical tool due to its unique optical properties. These optical properties consist of narrow emission spectra, broad absorbance spectra, emission wavelength which is adjustable by adjusting the size of the particle, high quantum efficiency and low photobleaching rates. MNPs are made of magnetite (Fe3O4) or maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3). These materials are typically superparamagnetic in the nanoscale range. The magnetic properties of these nanomaterials allow them to be manipulated by magnetic fields.

The mathematical analysis is a compelling goal for any new field. We will consider three themes in bridging time and length scales, in fast algorithms and in optimization and predictability which indicate some of the directions that increasing role might take. The new notion of ‘design maps’ for nanovector could provide guidance for the development of optimized injectable nanocarriers through mathematical modeling.  Its solutions contain significant technical challenges. Mathematics and simulation would be enormously stimulated by the challenges of nanoscale modelling In a complementary way. While some areas of mathematics are repeatedly developed such as fast multipole and multigrid algorithms are ready to apply in nanoscale modelling.

Applications of nanoparticles in drug delivery, protein, peptide delivery and in cancer therapy such as carbon nanotube, dendrimers, nano crystal, nano wire, nano shells etc. are given. The advancement in Nanotechnology helps in the treatment of neuro degenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease. The Nanotechnology applications are in tuberculosis treatment, the clinical application of nanotechnology in operative dentistry, in ophthalmology, in surgery, visualization, tissue engineering, antibiotic resistance, immune response. To detect diseases Nano pharmaceuticals can be used at much earlier stages.