Fabrication of nanomaterials consists of nanostructured surfaces, nanoparticles, materials.

Fabrication of nano materials of 2 types.

1. Top-down process-In this process nanomaterials are derived from a bulk substrate and obtained by progressive removal of material until desired material is obtained.
2. Bottom-up process-Here nanomaterials are extracted from the atomic precursor and gradually collecting it until the desired structure is formed.

The integration of top-down and bottom-up techniques is expected to provide the best combination of tools for nanofabrication at the end. Nanotechnology requires new tools for fabrication and measurement.

Usage of nanotechnology in electronic component is called nanoelectronics which includes design, construction and applications of electronic circuits and devices on a nanometer scale. Nanoelectronics increase the capabilities of electronic devices such as improvising the display screens on electronics devices by reducing the weight and thickness of the screens and decreasing the consumption of power.
Nanosensors carry information about nanoparticles. Many scientific breakthroughs in  Nanotechnology has been contributed by Nanosensors. Different types of sensors are built from nanomaterials to detect a range of chemical vapours, to sense bacteria or viruses, to detect single molecules to help pharmaceutical companies in the production of drugs. 

A carbon nanotube is a tube-shaped material which is made of carbon with a diameter measuring on the nanometer scale. These are unique because of the strong bonding between the atoms. Recently the most popular use for carbon nanotubes is in structural reinforcement.approches are being made using carbon nanotubes to extract power from sunlight and even as a heat source. Carbon nanotubes are unique in that they are thermally conductive along their length but not across the tube itself. This lets carbon nanotubes play a role on both sides of thermal insulation. Carbon nanotubes are also electrically conductive, which have potential to make an extremely cost-effective replacement for metal wires. The semiconducting properties of nanotubes make them candidates for the next generation of computer chips.

The nanogenerators have some components inside these whose structures are similar to nanowire made up of a piezoelectric ceramic material. Piezoelectric materials can generate an electric current just by being bent. In a space less than the width of a human hair hundreds of nanowires can be packed side by side. At this scale and with the combined flexibility of the nanogenerator's components, even the least movement can generate current. Nanogenerators are small in size but increasingly powerful as well as responsive.

Both in homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, the field of nanocatalysis has undergone an explosive growth during the past decade. Since nanoparticles have a large surface-to-volume ratio compared to bulk materials, they are attractive candidates for use as catalysts. The main aim of this research is to produce catalysts with low energy consumption,100 percent selectivity and long lifetime which includes the use of nanomaterials as catalysts for a variety of catalysis applications. Nanoparticles of semiconductors, metals, oxides and other compounds have been widely used for important chemical reactions.

Nanoparticles have a huge potential of delivering drug effectively. Nanosystems with different compositions have been considerably investigated for drug and gene therapy purposes. The interactions of nanomaterials with the biological environment, drug release, multiple drug administration, stability of therapeutic agents and Several anti-cancer drugs including paclitaxel, doxorubicin is much needed. Nanomaterials comprising of peptide-based nanotubes are used to target the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and cell adhesion molecules like integrins, cadherins and selectins, which is a new approach to control disease progression.

Quantum Dots and Magnetic Nanoparticles have lots of applications in analytical methods. Quantum Dots are semiconductor nanoparticles whose electronic energy levels are considerably controlled by the particle dimensions. This control comes about due to quantum confinement. QDs are useful as an analytical tool due to its unique optical properties. These optical properties consist of narrow emission spectra, broad absorbance spectra,  emission wavelength which is adjustable by adjusting the size of the particle, high quantum efficiency and low photobleaching rates. MNPs are made of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) or maghemite (γ‐Fe₂O₃). These materials are typically superparamagnetic in the nanoscale range. The magnetic properties of these nanomaterials allow them to be manipulated by magnetic fields. the relatively low toxicity of iron oxides allow for their use in vivo applications.

The nanometrology growth focuses on issues related to the reliability and the comparability of measurements on nanomaterials. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques are used in the metrology laboratories. Nowadays with the development of the SEM equipped with a field emission gun (FEG), where the resolution can achieve 1 nm whatever the accelerating voltage is. The calibration of the instrument allows the operator to make the measurements traceable. The choice of the measurement protocol is essential to achieve an accurate result. A metrological evaluation of each step is required.

When the nanoscale devices connect internally with the existing communication networks then it is known as the Internet of Nano-Things.IoNT is derived from the merged concept of IoT and NANOTECHNOLOGY  which are considered as a new revolution with a huge popularity in the world of modern wireless telecommunications. Nanomachines are the most basic functional unit which is able to perform a simple task like sensing and is integrated by nano-components. Coordination and information sharing among several nanomachines will expand the potential applications of individual devices both in terms of complexity and range of operation. Things such as smartphones, tablets, RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), sensors etc play a major role in interacting with each other to do desired tasks. Internet of NanoThings consists of miniature sensors connected to each other via Nanonetworks to abstract data from objects. Hence Internet of Nano things will open new doors of research in the area of Nano Sensing, Nano Devices and Nano Communication. The Internet of Nano Things (IoNT) concept was proposed by Ian Akyildiz and Josep Jornet in the paper “The Internet of Nano-Things”. Major research challenges are presented by the scientist in terms of channel modelling, information encoding and protocols for nanonetworks and proposed Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT). 

Nanotechnology has a significant role in all corner of the energy and environment sectors. It is helpful in producing an efficient and cost-saving energy which also would be renewable. Energy savings could be made if the proper nanomaterials were used not just for more efficient distribution and power transmission but also to build smart glass and electrochromic windows capable of maximising the use of solar power to heat buildings. Energy storage could be greatly enhanced by optimised batteries and supercapacitors. Some examples are:- Solar cells which generate electricity at a competitive price, Organic chemical pollution in groundwater clean up, Pollution free manufacturing of material, Cleaning volatile organic compound in air and more.

Nanotechnology has developed a sustainable energy production scheme which is one of the most important scientific challenges of the 21st century. The challenge is to design, to synthesize and to characterize new functional nanomaterials with controllable sizes, shapes and/or structures. It is now one of the fastest growing research fields in the world and will hopefully head to the development of a renewable energy economy in which fossil fuel resources will only be used to produce more valuable chemicals. This vision is that energy, environmental and security problems created by the consumption of fossil fuels will be solved once and for all.

The application of nanotechnology for the prevention and treatment of diseases is known as Nanomedicine which belongs to the branch of medicine. Biocompatible nanoparticles and nanorobots are applicable to diagnosis, delivery and sensing purposes in a living organism. Particles in nanoscale have been used in maximum number to improve the drug accumulation, internalization and therapeutic efficacy. The physicochemical and biological properties of the nanoparticles can also be finely adjusted by tailoring their chemical properties, sizes, shapes, structures, morphologies, and surface properties. understanding the issues related to toxicity and environmental impact of nanoscale materials is Current problems for nanomedicine.

 The objectives of nanobiotechnology are involvement in the application of nanotools to relevant biological problems and Developing new tools such as peptoid nanosheets for medical and biological purposes. The imaging of native biomolecules, biological membranes, and tissues is also a major topic for the nanobiology researchers.

Due to the range of advanced functional properties nanomaterials are increasingly being used in the food packaging industry. Nanotechnology-enabled food packaging contains improved packaging, active packaging and smart packaging. Few studies have been published regarding the potential interaction of nanomaterial-based food contact materials (FCMs) with food components.  The migration of silver and copper from nanocomposites are used for their anti-microbial properties in food packaging. NMs have been primarily used as antimicrobials and improvement of barrier function. Both Of  The applications aim to extend the shelf life of packaged food products. By including nanoparticles in a polymer matrix Barrier function improvements are obtained.It slows down the diffusion of gases into the food. NMs may also be used to create intelligent packaging, NMs can alert the consumer to the presence of microbes, chemical contaminants or gases indicating spoilage by smart packing. Nano materials( NMs) have been incorporated into polymeric packaging materials such as polyamides (PA), nylons, polyolefins, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polystyrene (PS), epoxy resins, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyethene terephthalate (PET). Metal and metal oxide NMs (silver, gold, zinc oxide, silica, titanium dioxide, alumina and iron oxides), carbon-based NMs and nano-sized polymers are most commonly used. the migration potential of NMs from food contact materials into food cannot be easily predicted because of its tiny size.

There is a direct communication between the CNS and brain which is established by neural interfaces. In natural interface different kind of biomedical device is implemented in a human body that already have been developed to translate the brain processes into specific actions by the control of external devices. These interfaces develop a neurophysiological understanding and provide a clinical means for treatment of neurological symptoms and diseases. These could help increase the independence of disable people by which they can control various devices with their thoughts – not surprisingly, the other candidate for early adoption of this technology is the Military. Neural Interfaces or brain-machine interfaces (BMIs) can preserve the function of impaired neuronal tissues by translating nervous system signals into quantities that can be computationally understood.

Although the Infinite potential of nanotechnology is encouraging the safety risks of nanoparticles have not been fully recognised. The widespread state of nanoparticles is not a threat, but it is critical to weigh the opportunities and risks of nanotechnology in products and applications that may affect the environment. As particles are becoming smaller in size, the more reactive they ll be. As per increased reactivity, the effects of a substance is harmful. Hence nanotechnology can make normally harmless substances assume hazardous characteristics. Nanoparticles’ large relative surface area also enables them to exert a stronger effect on their environment and to react with other substances.

Nowadays Water pollution is a global problem for which we need to find a solution. Due to worldwide increased population and changing climate best innovative water technology is required in order to ensure a pollution free global water and supply drinking water. Recently highly advanced nanotechnology offers new opportunities in technological developments for advanced water and wastewater treatment processes. There are two types of nanotechnology membranes that may be effective: nanostructured filters, where either carbon nanotubes or nanocapillary arrays provide the basis for nanofiltration and nonreactive membranes, where functionalized nanoparticles aid the filtration process.

Modelling techniques and simulation currently play a significant role in characterizing nanocomposite properties and understanding their mechanical behaviour via atomistic modelling, continuum mechanics-based approaches, and multiscale modelling techniques. Characterization of nanocomposites is aimed at gaining knowledge on their global response such as the displacement and stress fields at the boundaries of a representative volume element. The continuum mechanics approaches are adequate and sufficient for modelling nanocomposites within this scope. On the other hand, a more advanced approach for simulation of nano-reinforced materials is the multiscale modelling, for more elaborate analyses, where the molecular dynamics and continuum mechanics models are integrated into a computing environment. This approach, in turn, can be detailed enough to account for the material physics at nanoscale while efficient enough to handle the field variables of interest at larger length scales. Concentrating on nano-reinforced composite materials and their applications, the main objective of this special issue is to provide a forum for exchanging the state-of-the-art and novel ideas in the field of modelling, characterization, and processing of these emerging materials.

The mathematical analysis of any new field is a compelling goal. We will consider three themes which indicate some of the directions that increasing role might take: in bridging time and length scales, in fast algorithms and in optimization and predictability. Its solutions contain significant technical challenges.In a complementary way, mathematics and simulation would be enormously stimulated by the challenges of nanoscale modelling. While some rapidly developing areas of mathematics such as fast multipole and multigrid algorithms are ready to apply in nanoscale modelling.